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目 录
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1 Introduction 引言 1
1.1 Objectives 3
出版目的
1.2Structure and Contents 3
结构和内容
1.3Reference Documents 5
参考文献
1.3.1 Standards and Recommendations 5
标准和建议
1.3.2 Other References 6
其他文献
1.4Conventions 7
相关规定
1.4.1 Terminology and Typography 7
术语和编排
1.4.2 Axes 7
坐标轴
1.4.3 Notation and Signs 8
符号和正负
1.4.4 Units 8
单位
2 Bridge Description 桥梁组成 11
2.1 Introduction 13
概述
2.2 Classification Criteria for Bridges 13
桥梁分类标准
1.2.1 Type of Use 13
用途
1.2.2 Geometry 14
几何外形
1.2.3 Structural Form 15
结构形式
1.2.4 Type of Slab 17
桥面板形式
1.2.5 Cross Section 18
横截面形式
1.2.6 Slab Position 19
桥面板位置
1.2.7 Erection of the SteelStructure 20
钢结构架设方式
1.2.8 Slab Construction 21
桥面板施工方式
2.3 Structural Elements 21
结构构件
1.3.1 Superstructure 22
上部结构
1.3.2 Substructure 24
下部结构
2.4 Other Components 25
其他构件
2.4.1 Bearings 25
支座
2.4.2 Road and Expansion Joints 26
路堤和伸缩缝
2.4.3 Water Evacuation 27
排水系统
3 History of Steel and Composite Bridges 钢桥与组合桥历史 29
3.1 Introduction 31
概述
3.2 History of Bridge Construction 31
桥梁建造历史
3.3 Record Spans 42
跨径记录
4 Basis for Conceptual Design 概念设计基础 45
4.1Introduction 47
概述
4.2Project Elaboration 48
项目拟定
4.2.1 Preliminary Studies 48
初步设计
4.2.2 Possible Solutions 50
方案比选
4.2.3 Chosen Solution 50
方案选定
4.2.4 Tender 51
招投标
4.2.5 Execution 51
项目实施
4.3Input Data for a Bridge Project 51
桥梁项目的输入数据
4.3.1 Requirements for Use 52
功能需求
4.3.2 Specifics for the Bridge 53
桥梁细节
4.3.3 Specifics for the Site 54
桥址场地
4.4Design Requirements 55
设计需求
4.4.1 Reliability 55
可靠性
4.4.2 Robustness 56
强健性
4.4.3 Durability 57
耐久性
4.4.4 Aesthetics 57
美观性
4.4.5 Economy 60
经济性
4.5Choice of Materials and Their Properties 61
材料和性能选择
4.5.1 Steel Grade and Quality 62
钢材等级和品质
4.5.2 Weldability 65
焊接性能
4.5.3 Thermomechanically Rolled Steels 65
热轧钢材
4.5.4 Steels Typically Used in Bridge Construction 66
桥用钢材
4.5.5 Corrosion Protection of Steel 67
钢材防腐
5 Structural Forms for Bridges 桥梁结构形式 73
5.1Introduction 75
概述
5.2Load Transfer 76
荷载传递
5.3 LongitudinalStructural Form 78
纵向结构形式
5.3.1 Influence of Span 79
跨度的影响
5.3.2 Plate Girder or Box Girder Beam Bridges 81
板梁或箱梁桥
5.3.3 Truss Beam Bridges 84
桁梁桥
5.3.4 Longitudinal Structural Form of Beam Bridges 85
梁桥的纵向形式
5.3.5 Curvature in Plan 87
平面曲线
5.4Transverse Structural Form 88
横向结构形式
5.4.1 Plan Bracing 88
平联
5.4.2 Transverse Structural Form of Beam Bridges 90
梁桥的横向结构形式
5.5Types of Cross Section 90
横截面形式
5.5.1 Open Cross Sections 92
开口截面
5.5.2 Closed Cross Sections 93
闭口截面
5.6Cross Bracing 94
横向联结系
5.6.1 Functions of the Cross Bracing 94
横撑作用
5.6.2 Types of Cross Bracing 95
横撑形式
5.7Plan Bracing 98
纵向联结系
5.7.1 Functions of the Plan Bracing 98
平联作用
5.7.2 Types of Plan Bracing 99
平联形式
6 Construction Details 细部构造 101
6.1Introduction 103
概述
6.2 Detailingof Bridges 104
桥梁构造细节
6.3Plate Girders 106
钢板梁
6.3.1 Weld Details 106
焊接构造
6.3.2 Stiffeners 109
加劲肋
6.4Cross Bracing 114
横向联结系
6.4.1 Frame Cross Bracing 114
框架式横撑
6.4.2 Truss Cross Bracing 117
桁架式横撑
6.4.3 Diaphragm Cross Bracing 119
实腹式横撑
6.5 PlanBracing 119
纵向联结系
6.6Truss Beams 120
桁梁
6.7Orthotropic Deck 122
正交异性钢桥面板
6.8Other Components 124
其他构件
7 Fabrication and Erection of the Steel Structure 钢结构加工与架设 125
7.1Introduction 127
概述
7.2Fabrication in the Workshop 271
工厂制作
7.2.1 Receiving and Preparing the Plates 127
钢板验收与准备
7.2.2 Fabrication of the Structural Elements 128
结构构件制作
7.2.3 Welds 128
焊接
7.2.4 Corrosion Protection 128
防腐处理
7.3Transportation 128
运输
7.4Site Assembly 129
现场拼装
7.5Erection of the Steel Structure 131
钢结构架设方式
7.5.1 Specifics of Steel Erection 131
钢结构架设细节
7.5.2 Erection by Crane from the Ground 132
起重机地面架设
7.5.3 Cantilever Erection 134
悬臂拼装
7.5.4 Erection by Launching 137
顶推施工
7.5.5 Placement of the Complete Bridge or of Large Bridge Elements144
大型构件或整孔桥梁的就位
7.6 Tolerances 145
误差
8 Slabs of Composite Bridges 组合梁桥面板 147
8.1Introduction 149
概述
8.2Slab Design 149
桥面板设计
8.2.1 Functions of the Slab 149
桥面板作用
8.2.2 Typical Dimensions 150
主要尺寸
8.3 Construction Details 151
施工细节
8.3.1 Waterproofing and Surfacing 151
防水和桥面铺装
8.3.2 Edge Beams and Parapets 153
边梁和护栏
8.3.3 Slab to Steel Connection 154
桥面板和钢结构的连接
8.4Construction of the Concrete Slab 156
混凝土桥面板的施工
8.4.1 Slab Cast In-situ 156
现浇板
8.4.2 Slab Launched in Stages 159
分阶段顶推板
8.4.3 Precast Elements 162
预制构件
8.4.4 Influence of the Slab Construction Method on the BridgeDesign 164
桥面板施工方法对桥梁设计的影响
8.4.5 Influence of the Slab Construction Method on the Pier Loads167
桥面板施工方法对桥墩荷载的影响
8.5Cracking of the Slab 167
桥面板开裂
8.5.1 Causes of Cracking 167
开裂原因
8.5.2 Effects of Concrete Hydration 168
混凝土水化的影响
8.5.3 Influence of the Concreting Sequence 171
混凝土浇筑顺序的影响
8.6Longitudinal Prestressing 174
纵向预应力
8.6.1 Choice of Prestressing Method 174
预应力施加方式选择
8.6.2 Simplified Method for Calculating Prestress Losses 178
预应力损失简化计算方法
9 Basis of Design 设计准则 181
9.1Introduction 183
概述
9.2Bridge Life Cycle and Documentation 183
桥梁寿命周期和文件
9.3Project Elaboration 185
项目拟定
9.3.1 Client's Requirements 185
业主要求
9.3.2 Basis of Design 186
设计依据
9.3.3 Conceptual Design 188
概念设计
9.3.4 Structural Analysis 188
结构分析
9.3.5 Structural Design 189
结构设计
9.4Actions 191
作用
9.5Verification of the Serviceability Limit States (SLS) 192
验算正常使用极限状态(SLS)
9.5.1 Principles 192
原则
9.5.2 Load Cases 192
荷载工况
9.5.3 Serviceability Limits 193
正常使用极限
9.6 Verificationof the Ultimate Limit States (ULS) 195
验算承载能力极限状态(SLS)
9.6.1 Principles 195
原则
9.6.2 Load Cases 196
荷载工况
9.6.3 Design Resistance 197
设计抗力
10 Loads and Actions 荷载与作用 199
10.1Introduction 201
概述
10.2Permanent Loads and Long Term Effects 201
恒载与长期效应
10.2.1 Self-weight of the Structure 201
结构自重
10.2.2 Self-weight of the Non-structural Elements 202
附属结构自重
10.2.3 Creep, Shrinkage and Prestress 203
徐变、收缩和预应力
10.2.4 Support Settlements 203
支座沉降
10.2.5 Ground and Water Actions 203
土和水的作用
10.3Traffic Loads 204
交通荷载
10.3.1 Road Bridges 204
公路桥梁
10.3.2 Other Types of Bridge 207
其他类型桥梁
10.4Climatic Actions 207
气候作用
10.4.1 Wind 207
风
10.4.2 Temperature 208
温度
10.4.3 Snow 210
雪
10.5Actions During Construction 211
施工过程中的作用
10.6Accidental Actions 211
偶然作用
10.6.1 Seismic Actions 211
地震作用
10.6.2 Impact 215
撞击
10.7Frictional and Restraint Forces from Bearings 219
支座摩阻力与约束力
10.7.1 Sliding or Roller Bearings 219
滑动或滚动支座
10.7.2 Deformable Bearings 219
可变形支座
11 Internal Moments and Forces in Beam Bridges 梁桥内力 221
11.1Introduction 223
概述
11.2Modelling of Beam Bridges 224
梁桥模型
11.2.1 Structural Model 224
结构模型
11.2.2 Bending Moments 227
弯矩
11.2.3 Shear Force 228
剪力
11.2.4 Torsional Moments 228
扭矩
11.3Torsion 232
扭转
11.3.1 Reminder 232
简介
11.3.2 Uniform Torsion 233
均匀扭转
11.3.3 Non-uniform Torsion 236
非均匀扭转
11.3.4 Combined Torsion 241
组合扭转
11.4Straight Bridges with a Closed Cross Section 243
闭口截面直桥
11.4.1 Torsional Behaviour 243
扭转变形
11.4.2 Calculation of the Internal Moments and Forces 244
内力计算
11.5Straight Bridges with an Open Cross Section 244
开口截面直桥
11.5.1 Torsional Behaviour 246
扭转变形
11.5.2 Transverse Influence Line 246
横向影响线
11.5.3 Effect of Plan Bracing 254
平联影响
11.5.4 Calculation of the Internal Moments and Forces 256
内力计算
11.6Skew Bridges 258
斜桥
11.6.1 Effect of the Skew 258
斜度效益
11.6.2 Closed Cross Section 258
闭口截面
11.6.3 Open Cross Section 263
开口截面
11.7Curved Bridges 266
弯桥
11.7.1 Effect of Curvature 266
曲率效应
11.7.2 Differential Equations 267
微分方程
11.7.3 Closed Cross Section 269
闭口截面
11.7.4 Closed Cross Section - Simplified Method 273
闭口截面——简化方法
11.7.5 Open Cross Section 276
开口截面
12 Steel beams 钢梁 279
12.1Introduction 281
概述
12.2Bending Resistance 282
抗弯性能
12.2.1 Introduction 282
概述
12.2.2 Vertical Buckling of the Compression Flange into the Web 283
受压翼缘进入腹板的竖向屈曲
12.2.3 Rotational Buckling of the Compression Flange 285
受压翼板转动屈曲
12.2.4 Lateral Torsional Buckling of the Beam 286
梁的侧向扭转屈曲
12.2.5 Local Buckling of the Web 291
腹板的局部屈曲
12.2.6 Verification of Structural Safety (ULS) 295
结构安全验算(ULS)
12.2.7 Numerical Example: Bending Resistance 296
数值算例:抗弯验算
12.3Shear Resistance 299
抗剪性能
12.3.1 Introduction 299
概述
12.3.2 Contribution of Elastic (Pre-buckling) Behaviour 300
弹性(屈曲前)抗力
12.3.3 Contribution of Post-buckling Behaviour 302
屈曲后抗力
12.3.4 Verification of Structural Safety (ULS) 308
结构安全验算(ULS)
12.3.5 Numerical Example: Shear Resistance 308
数值算例:抗剪验算
12.4Resistance to Combined Forces 309
复合力作用性能
12.4.1 Condition for Interaction 309
相互作用条件
12.4.2 Verification of Structural Safety (ULS) 311
结构安全验算(ULS)
12.4.3 Numerical Example: Resistance of a Beam to Combined Forces311
数值算例:复合受力梁的抗力
12.5Resistance to Concentrated Loads 312
集中荷载抗力
12.5.1 Resistance to Moving Concentrated Loads 312
移动集中荷载抗力
12.5.2 Verification of Structural Safety (ULS) 314
结构安全验算(ULS)
12.6Stiffeners 315
加劲肋
12.6.1 Intermediate Transverse Stiffeners 316
中间横向加劲肋
12.6.2 Intermediate Support Stiffeners 317
中间支座加劲肋
12.6.3 End Support Stiffeners 317
端部支座加劲肋
12.6.4 Longitudinal Stiffeners 319
纵向加劲肋
12.7Fatigue 320
疲劳
12.7.1 Fatigue Resistance 321
疲劳抗力
12.7.2 Verification 321
校核
12.7.3 Web Breathing 325
腹板起伏
12.8Box Girder Beams 325
箱梁
12.8.1 Difference between Box Girder and Plate Girder Beams 325
箱梁和板梁的区别
12.8.2 Box Girders without Longitudinal Stiffeners 327
无纵向加劲肋的箱梁
12.8.3 Box Girders with Longitudinal Stiffeners 327
有纵向加劲肋的箱梁
12.8.4 Transverse Stiffeners 329
横向加劲肋
13 Composite Beams 组合梁 331
13.1Introduction 333
概述
13.2 Action Effects Specificto Composite Beams 334
组合梁特殊作用效应
13.2.1 Introduction 334
概述
13.2.2 Shrinkage 334
收缩
13.2.3 Temperature 339
温度
13.3Calculation of Internal Moments and Forces 342
内力计算
13.3.1 Principles 342
原理
13.3.2 Resisting Cross Sections 342
横截面抗力
13.3.3 Influence of Cracking 344
开裂影响
13.3.4 Effective Slab Width 345
有效宽度
13.4Cross Section Resistance and Verification of Structural Safety (ULS) 346
横截面抗力和验算结构安全(ULS)
13.4.1 Section Classification and Resistance Models 346
截面分类和抗力模型
13.4.2 Elastic Resistance 347
弹性抗力
13.4.3 Plastic Resistance 349
塑性抗力
13.4.4 Verification of Structural Safety in Bending (ULS) 353
验算弯矩作用下的结构安全(ULS)
13.4.5 Verification of Structural Safety in Shear and UnderCombined Forces (ULS) 355
验算剪力和复合力作用下的结构安全(ULS)
13.5Steel-Concrete Connection 355
钢-混凝土的连接
13.5.1 Longitudinal Shear 355
纵向剪力
13.5.2 Resistance of Shear Stud Connectors 360
剪力钉抗力
13.5.3 Number and Arrangement of the Shear Studs 361
剪力钉的数量和布置
13.5.4 Introduction of a Concentrated Longitudinal Shear Force 364
集中纵向剪力
13.6Longitudinal Shear in the Slab 368
桥面板中的纵向剪力
13.6.1 Longitudinal Shear Within the Slab Thickness 368
混凝土板厚度内的纵向剪力
13.6.2 Longitudinal Shear Around the Studs 371
剪力钉周围的纵向剪力
13.6.3 Interaction of Longitudinal Shear and Transverse Bending 371
纵向剪力和横向弯曲的相互作用
13.7Verification of Serviceability (SLS) 371
验算使用性能(SLS)
13.7.1 Tensile Stresses in the Steel Beams 371
钢梁拉应力
13.7.2 Deformations 372
变形
13.7.3 Cracking 372
开裂
13.7.4 Vibrations 374
振动
14 Cross Bracing and Plan Bracing 横撑和平联 377
14.1Introduction 379
概述
14.2Loads and Actions 379
荷载和作用
14.2.1 Functions of Cross and Plan Bracing 379
横撑和平联的作用
14.2.2 Wind 380
风
14.2.3 Lateral Torsional Buckling Restraint 381
侧向扭转屈曲的约束
14.2.4 Effect of Curvature 382
曲率的影响
14.2.5 Temporary Supports for Bearing Replacement 384
更换支座时的临时支撑
14.3Moments and Forces on the Cross Bracing 384
横撑受力
14.3.1 Bridge with an Open Cross Section 385
开口截面桥梁
14.3.2 Bridge with a Closed Cross Section 387
闭口截面桥梁
14.4Forces on the Plan Bracing 394
平联受力
14.4.1 Horizontal Forces 394
水平力
14.4.2 Influence of the Form of Bracing 394
平联形式的影响
14.4.3 Bracing of an Open Box Section 396
开口箱形截面平联
14.5Structural Design 397
结构设计
14.5.1 Structural Safety (ULS) 397
结构安全(ULS)
14.5.2 Minimum Dimensions 398
最小尺寸
15 Overall Stability 整体稳定性 401
15.1Introduction 403
概述
15.2Actions to Consider 404
需要考虑的作用
15.2.1 Permanent Actions 405
永久作用
15.2.2 Traffic Loads 405
交通荷载
15.2.3 Wind 405
风
15.2.4 Seismic Actions 405
地震作用
15.3Overturning 406
倾覆
15.3.1 The Phenomenon 406
倾覆现象
15.3.2 Verification of Structural Safety (ULS) 406
验算结构安全(ULS)
15.3.3 Design Options 407
设计改进方案
15.4Uplift at Supports 407
支点处脱空
15.4.1 The Phenomenon 407
支点处脱空现象
15.4.2 Verification of Structural Safety (ULS) 408
验算结构安全(ULS)
15.4.3 Design Options 408
设计改进方案
15.5Longitudinal Stability of Bridges on Flexible Piers
408
柔性桥墩的纵向稳定
15.5.1 The Phenomenon 408
纵向失稳现象
15.5.2 Verification of Structural Safety (ULS) 410
验算结构安全(ULS)
15.5.3 Design Options 414
设计改进方案
16 Railway bridges 铁路桥 415
16.1Introduction 417
概述
16.2Conceptual Design 418
概念设计
16.2.1 Longitudinal Structure 418
纵向结构
16.2.2 Transverse Cross Section 420
横截面
16.2.3 Fatigue and Joints 425
疲劳和节点
16.2.4 Specific Construction Details 426
具体施工细节
16.2.5 Appearance 427
外观
16.3Loads and Actions 427
荷载和作用
16.3.1 Self-weight 427
自重
16.3.2 Traffic Loads 428
交通荷载
16.3.3 Dynamic Amplification Factor 429
动力放大系数
16.3.4 Coefficient for the Classification of Normalised Load Model429
标准荷载模型分项系数
16.3.5 Derailment and Impact Loads 429
脱轨和冲击力
16.3.6 Aerodynamic Effects on Noise Barriers 430
声屏障的空气动力效应
16.3.7 Temperature 431
温度
16.4Verifications 431
验算
16.4.1 Verification of Structural Safety (ULS) 431
验算结构安全(ULS)
16.4.2 Verification of Serviceability (SLS) 431
验算使用性能(SLS)
17 Bridges for Pedestrians and Cyclists 人行桥和自行车桥 437
17.1Introduction 439
概述
17.2Conceptual Design 439
概念设计
17.2.1 Structure 439
结构
17.2.2 Decking 441
桥面
17.3Loads and Actions 443
荷载和作用
17.3.1 Self-weight 443
自重
17.3.2 Service Loads 443
使用荷载
17.4Dynamic Behaviour 443
动力特性
17.4.1 Introduction 443
概述
17.4.2 Conceptual Design and Corrective Measures 444
概念设计和改善措施
17.4.3 Dynamic Analysis 446
动力分析
17.4.4 Design of a Mass Damper 453
质量阻尼器设计
17.4.5 Verifications and Limiting Values 455
验算和限值
17.4.6 Numerical Application 459
数值算例
18 Arch Bridges 拱桥 461
18.1Introduction 463
概述
18.2Form and Function 464
形式和功能
18.2.1 Position of the Deck 464
桥面位置
18.2.2 Structural Form 464
结构形式
18.2.3 Number of Arches 465
拱肋数量
18.2.4 Slenderness 465
矢跨比
18.3Conceptual Design and Construction Elements 465
概念设计和构件施工
18.3.1 Load Paths 465
受载路径
18.3.2 Arches 466
拱肋
18.3.3 Deck 466
桥面板
18.3.4 Hangers 469
吊杆
18.3.5 Bracing Between the Arches 473
拱肋横撑
18.4Erection Methods 474
施工方法
18.4.1 Cantilever Erection with Cable Supports 474
缆索支承悬臂施工
18.4.2 Lifting or Lowering of a Half Arch 475
半拱提升或吊装
18.4.3 Preassembly of the Complete Bridge 475
整桥预拼装施工
18.4.4 Erection of the Arches Supported on the Deck 476
桥面支承拱肋施工
18.5Structural Analysis 477
结构分析
18.5.1 Internal Moments and Forces 477
内力
18.5.2 Asymmetric and Concentrated Loads 478
非对称荷载和集中荷载
18.5.3 Stability of the Arches 481
拱肋稳定性
18.6Verifications (ULS) 487
验算(ULS)
18.6.1 Position of Traffic Loads 487
车辆荷载的布置
18.6.2 Verifications of the Arch 487
拱肋验算
19 Example of a Composite Bridge 组合桥梁算例 489
19.1 Introduction 491
概述
19.2Description 491
算例
19.2.1 Type of Use 491
使用要求
19.2.2 Elevation and Plan 492
立面和平面布置
19.2.3 Typical Cross Section including Concrete Slab 492
含混凝土桥面板的典型横截面
19.2.4 Main Beams 492
主梁
19.2.5 Cross Bracing and Stiffeners 493
横撑和加劲肋
19.2.6 Plan Bracing 494
平联
19.2.7 Steel-to-Concrete Connection 494
钢-混连接件
19.2.8 Fabrication and Erection 494
制作和架设
19.2.9 Materials 495
材料
19.3Preliminary Design 495
初步设计
19.3.1 Depth of the Steel Beams 495
钢梁高度
19.3.2 Actions 496
作用
19.3.3 Cross Section Dimensions 497
截面尺寸
19.4Hazard Scenarios and Actions 500
极端工况和作用
19.4.1 Hazard Scenarios and Limit States 500
极端工况和极限状态
19.4.2 Actions 501
作用
19.5Structural Analysis 503
结构分析
19.5.1 Transverse Positioning of Traffic Loads 503
车辆荷载的横向位置
19.5.2 Longitudinal Positioning of Traffic Loads 504
车辆荷载的纵向位置
19.5.3 Internal Moments and Forces 505
弯矩和剪力
19.5.4 Cracking and Method of Placement of the Concrete 508
混凝土的浇筑方法和开裂
19.6Verification of Structural Safety (ULS) 509
验算结构安全(ULS)
19.6.1 Resisting Cross Sections 510
抵抗截面
19.6.2 Cross Section in the Span During Construction 510
施工阶段跨内截面
19.6.3 Cross Section at Mid-span in the Final State 514
成桥状态跨中截面
19.6.4 Cross Section over an Intermediate Support in the FinalState 515
成桥状态支点截面
19.6.5 Verification of the Stiffeners 521
加劲肋验算
19.7Steel-Concrete Connection 522
钢-混凝土连接
19.7.1 Elastic Resistance at an Intermediate Support 523
中间支点弹性抗力
19.7.2 Plastic Resistance in the Span 524
跨间截面塑性抗力
19.8Verification of Fatigue Safety 527
验算疲劳安全
19.8.1 Lower Flange in the Span 527
跨间截面下翼缘
19.8.2 Upper Flange Over Support P2 529
P2支点截面上翼缘
19.8.3 Steel-Concrete Connection 530
钢-混连接
19.8.4 Web Breathing 531
腹板起伏
19.9Verification of Serviceability (SLS) 531
验算使用性能
19.9.1 Comfort 531
舒适性
19.9.2 Appearance 532
外观
19.9.3 Functionality 533
功能
Index 535
索引
Notation541
符号说明
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